cities_names

<htm­l><­head­><ti­tle>­Paul Gold­schmidt’s Dic­tio­nary of Pe­ri­od Rus­sian Names - List of Cities</ti­tle></­head­><­body> <h2>­Paul Gold­schmidt’s Dic­tio­nary of Pe­ri­od Rus­sian Names - List of Cities</h2> <p> Most of the towns list­ed here are dat­ed to be post-10th cen­tu­ry. There are rea­sons for this, as Tikhomirov (1956: 12) ex­plain­s: “The mist en­velop­ing the his­to­ry of 8th cen­tu­ry Rus be­cause of the to­tal ab­sence of writ­ten sources, lifts in the 9th and 10th cen­turies when the tes­ti­mo­ny of the chron­i­cles comes to our aid. Nev­er­the­less, the num­ber of an­cient Rus cities can­not be es­tab­lished with any cer­ti­tude even for that pe­ri­od, be­cause our chief source of in­for­ma­tion, the chron­i­cle, con­tains on­ly scat­tered and vague da­ta on the sub­jec­t.” With­in a few years, how­ev­er, the num­ber of towns had grown dra­mat­i­cal­ly and by 1237 there were near­ly 300 towns known to ex­ist (Chew, 1967: 10).</p><p> In cre­at­ing this sec­tion I have faced two prob­lem­s. First of al­l, I have had some dif­fi­cul­ty in de­cid­ing ex­act­ly where the ge­o­graph­i­cal bound­aries of “Rus­si­a” should be. Cer­tain­ly, it makes sense to in­clude Ukrain­ian and Lithua­ni­an town­s, but what about east­ern Poland? Just how far west should I go? The sec­ond prob­lem is re­lat­ed: I have tried to wres­tle with the fact that the spellings (and even the names them­selves) have changed over the years. Par­tic­u­lar­ly re­cent­ly, the dif­fer­ence be­tween the Rus­sian spellings of cities in the non-Rus­sian ar­eas of the for­mer USS­R/Rus­sian Em­pire and the spellings used by the in­dige­nous in­hab­i­tants have be­come a hot­ly con­test­ed is­sue. For the pur­pos­es of this dic­tio­nary, I have pre­ferred the Rus­sian spell­ing to that of the Be­lorus­sian, Ukraini­an, and the like, but I have not al­ways been con­sis­ten­t.</p><ul><li> <b>Alatyr’</b> — Found­ed in 1552. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Alek­san­dro­va Slo­bo­da</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Aleksin</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>An­dreev</b> — “An­drei’s.” 1245. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 43] </li><li> <b>Arkhangel’sk</b> — Found­ed in 1110. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 19] </li><li> <b>Ar­va­mas</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>As­trakhan</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 31] </li><li> <b>A­zov</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 31] </li><li> <b>Bagut</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#T­up“>­Tup</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Ba­ia</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1410. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 43] </li><li> <b>Bakhchis­arai</b> — Lo­cat­ed in the Crimea. Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 17] </li><li> <b>Bako­ta</b> — Found­ed in 1240. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 43] </li><li> <b>Baku</b> — Found­ed some­time be­tween 800 and 1000. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 11] </li><li> <b>Bal­akhna</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Ba­nia Rod­na</b> — “Na­tive/Birth Spring.” Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Bar</b> — Found­ed dur­ing or pri­or to the 16-17th cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 52] </li><li> <b>Bar­duev</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Baroch</b> — See Baruch. </li><li> <b>Baruch (Baroch)</b> — Found­ed in 1125. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Barysau</b> — Trade cen­ter. Found­ed be­fore 1450. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 35] </li><li> <b>Ba­seia</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Baza­vluk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1593. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 11] </li><li> <b>­Be­la­ia Vezha (Sarkel)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 912. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 3] Khaz­ar strong­hold on the Low­er Don, was cap­tured and re­named “Be­la­ia Vezha” around 965. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 4] </li><li> <b>­Be­la­ia Vezh­na</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Belev</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1389. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 25] </li><li> <b>­Bel­go­rod</b> — “White city.” There are two cities with this name. One was found­ed in 980 [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] and the oth­er (some­times al­so called “Bel­go­rod Ri­azan­ski­i” or “Ri­azan’ Bel­go­rod”) in 1208. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>­Bel­go­rod Ri­azan­ski­i</b> — see Bel­go­rod. </li><li> <b>­Be­loberezh’e</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>]. </li><li> <b>­Be­loe Selo</b> — “White field­”. Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>­Be­loze­ro</b> — See Be­looze­ro. </li><li> <b>­Be­looze­ro</b> — “White lake.” Found­ed in 862. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>­Belz</b> — Lo­cat­ed in the Vol­hy­nia Prin­ci­pal­i­ty. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 17] The city was re­port­ed con­quered around 981 [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 6] but it is first men­tioned in a man­u­script dat­ing to 1030. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>­Bel’­chit­sa</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ben­dery (Tighi­na)</b> — Found­ed in the 14-15th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 29] </li><li> <b>Ben­it­sy</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ber­bend</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 9] </li><li> <b>Ber­estechko</b> — Found­ed dur­ing or pri­or to the 16th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 49] </li><li> <b>Ber­est’e</b> — Found­ed in 1019 [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] and re­named Brest in 1325. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Berevoi</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Bere­zov</b> — Found­ed in 1593. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Berezy­i</b> — Found­ed in 1152. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Bezhichi (Bezhit­sy or Bezhit­skii Verkh)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1196 [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36]. Called sim­ply “Verkh” in 1245. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Bezhit­sy</b> — See Bezhichi. </li><li> <b>Bezhit­skii Verkh</b> — See Bezhichi. </li><li> <b>Bi­a­lystok</b> — Found­ed be­tween 1054 and 1238. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 17] </li><li> <b>­Bil­go­rod (Bil­horod)</b> — Found­ed in the 14-15th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 25] Al­so known as Cetatea Al­ba. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 29] </li><li> <b>­Bil­horod</b> — See Bil­go­rod. </li><li> <b>Blestovit</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Blet­s</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Bleve</b> — Found­ed in 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Bo­brovnit­sy</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Bo­bruisk</b> — Pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Bo­goli­ubov</b> — “God’s love.” Found­ed pri­or to 1175. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Bo­guslavl’</b> — “God’s praise.” Found­ed in 1195. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Bokhmach</b> — Found­ed in 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Boldyzh</b> — Found­ed in 1146. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Bol­o­goe</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1495. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#T­up“>­Tup</a> 32] </li><li> <b>Bolokhov</b> — Found­ed in 1150. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Bol­shev</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Boriso-­Gle­bov (Borisov-­Gle­bov)</b> — “Boris and Gle­b” (the first two Rus­sian saints). Found­ed in 1180. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>­Borisogleb­ska­ia Slo­bo­da (Shuia)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>­Borisov</b> — “Boris’s.” Found­ed in 1127. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>­Borisov-­Gle­bov</b> — See Boriso-­Gle­bov. </li><li> <b>Borovsk</b> — An­nexed by Ivan II be­fore 1341. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 24] </li><li> <b>Bort­nit­sy</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Bozh­esk</b> — See Buzh­sk. </li><li> <b>Bozh­ski­i</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Braila</b> — Es­tab­lished trade cen­ter by 1450. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 35] </li><li> <b>Braniewo</b> — Found­ed pri­or to or dur­ing the 16-17th cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 52] </li><li> <b>Bran’ (Bron)</b> — Found­ed in 1125. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Brat­slav</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Brest Litovsk</b> — Found­ed in the 13-14th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 21] </li><li> <b>Briag­in</b> — Found­ed in 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Bri­an­sk (De­bri­an­sk)</b> — Found­ed in 1146. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Brody</b> — Found­ed at end of the 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>Bron</b> — See Bran’. </li><li> <b>Bryn</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Bul­gar­</b> — City lo­cat­ed on the route of the Mon­gol cam­paign. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 19] Found­ed be­fore 912 [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 3], “Bul­gar, the cap­i­tal of the Vol­ga Bul­gar­s, was sacked in” c966. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 4] </li><li> <b>Bu­lich (Bu­lichi)</b> — Found­ed in 1162. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Bu­lichi</b> — See Bu­lich. </li><li> <b>Buzh­sk (Bozh­esk)</b> — Found­ed in 1097. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>Bykoven</b> — Found­ed in 1211. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Bylev</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>B’i­akhan’</b> — See V’i­akhan’. </li><li> <b>­Caf­fa</b> — Foudned pri­or to 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 9] </li><li> <b>Cem­balo</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 9] </li><li> <b>C­etatea Al­ba</b> — See Bel­go­rod. </li><li> <b>Chebok­sary</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Chelm</b> — See Kholm. </li><li> <b>Chemer­in</b> — Found­ed in 1149. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Cher­dyn’</b> — Found­ed dur­ing the 14th-15th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 21] </li><li> <b>Cherkas­si­i</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1505. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 33] </li><li> <b>Ch­ernech­esk (Ch­er­nesk or Chern’ch­esk)</b> — Found­ed in 1142. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Ch­er­nesk</b> — See Chernech­esk. </li><li> <b>Ch­erni­goga</b> — See Chernigov. </li><li> <b>Ch­ernigov (Ch­erni­hiv)</b> — Found­ed in the 907 or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] Al­so the name of the prin­ci­pal­i­ty which in­clud­ed the city in lat­er cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 14] In the 10th Cen­tu­ry, of­ten known by its Byzan­tine name, Cherni­goga. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Ch­erni­hiv</b> — See Chernigov. </li><li> <b>Ch­er­nobyl’</b> — The same place that be­came a lot more fa­mous lat­er in his­to­ry. In pe­ri­od, a cas­tle was lo­cat­ed here. Found­ed in 1193. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Ch­ern’ch­esk</b> — See Chernech­esk. </li><li> <b>Ch­er­soneus</b> — See Kher­son­es. </li><li> <b>Ch­er­son­e­sus</b> — See Kher­son­es. </li><li> <b>Cher­to­ryisk</b> — Found­ed in Cher­to­ryisk. 1100. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Cher­ven (Cher­ven’)</b> — Found­ed in 981. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Cher­ven’</b> — See Cher­ven. </li><li> <b>Chich­er­sk</b> — Found­ed in 1159. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Chi­ur­naev</b> — Found­ed in 1190. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Ch­miel­nik</b> — City lo­cat­ed on the route of the Mon­gol cam­paign. No lat­er than 1250. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 19] </li><li> <b>Chukhlo­ma</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Chur­naev</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Cz­er­wien</b> — City in the Gali­ci­a-­Val­hy­nia Prin­ci­pal­i­ty that was found­ed pri­or to 1050. </li><li> <b>­Dankov</b> — Found­ed in 1571. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>­Dau­gavpil­s</b> — Trade cen­ter. Found­ed by 1450. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 35] </li><li> <b>­Davi­dova</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>De­bri­an­sk</b> — See Bri­an­sk. </li><li> <b>De­do­gos­tichi</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>De­doslavl’</b> — Found­ed in 1146. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Deme­nesk</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>De­mon</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1495. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#T­up“>­Tup</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Der­ben­t</b> — Lo­cat­ed on the Caspi­an Sea. Found­ed pri­or to 972. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 5] </li><li> <b>Dere­vich</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Der­novoi</b> — Found­ed in 1146. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>De­vi­agorsk</b> — Found­ed in 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>D­mitro­v</b> — “D­mitri­i’s.” There are two towns with this name. The first one was found­ed in 1154 [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] and the sec­ond (some­times called “D­mitrov Kievski­i” or “Kievan Dmitro­v”) was found­ed in 1183. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>D­mitrov Kievski­i</b> — see Dmitro­v. </li><li> <b>­Do­bri­at­in</b> — “Do­bri­ata’s.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Do­brochkov</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Do­bry­i</b> — Found­ed in 1207. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>­Do­bryi Sot</b> — “Good hun­dred.” Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Do­bryn</b> — Found­ed in 13-14th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 21] </li><li> <b>­Do­magoshch</b> — Found­ed in 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>­Donet­s</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Dorogich­in</b> — Found­ed in 1142. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>­Doro­gob­uzh</b> — There are two towns with this name. One of them was found­ed in 1084 [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] and the oth­er in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Doros­tol (Silis­tri­a)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 972. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 5] </li><li> <b>­Dor­pat</b> — See Iur’ev. </li><li> <b>­Dri­utesk (Dri­ut­sk or Drut­sk)</b> — Found­ed in 1092. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>­Dri­ut­sk</b> — See Dri­utesk. </li><li> <b>­Drogich­in</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] Trade cen­ter by 1450 which was al­so known in Pol­ish as Dro­hiczyn. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 35] </li><li> <b>­Dro­hiczyn</b> — See Drogichin. </li><li> <b>­Drut­sk</b> — See Dri­utesk. </li><li> <b>­Duben</b> — See Dub­no. </li><li> <b>­Du­bintsa</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Dub­no (Duben)</b> — Found­ed in 1100. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>­Dubok</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Dubrovit­sa</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Dubrovit­sy</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Dubrovka</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Durbe</b> — Lo­cat­ed in mod­ern-­day Latvi­a. Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 14] </li><li> <b>D­v­eren</b> — Found­ed in 1192. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>E­lat’­ma</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>El­blag</b> — Found­ed in the 13-14th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 21] </li><li> <b>Elet­s</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 31] </li><li> <b>El­gava</b> — Lo­cat­ed in mod­ern-­day Latvi­a. Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 14] </li><li> <b>El­na</b> — See El’­na. </li><li> <b>El’­na (El­na)</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Emenet­s</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Eni­seisk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1600. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 29] </li><li> <b>Ez’sk</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>From­bork</b> — Swedish colony on the Baltic Sea found­ed pri­or to 1243. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 43] </li><li> <b>­Galich</b> — Found­ed in 1138. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>­Galich Mer­ski­i</b> — “Loath­some Galich.” Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Ga­lych (Ha­ly­ch)</b> — City in the Gali­ci­a-­Val­hy­nia Prin­ci­pal­i­ty found­ed pri­or to 1050. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 14] </li><li> <b>G­dov</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Gert­sik (T­sar’­gorod)</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Gert­sike</b> — Found­ed in 1203. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>­Gle­bl’</b> — Found­ed in the 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>­Gle­bov</b> — “Gle­b’s.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Glukhov</b> — Found­ed in 1152. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>G­noinit­sa</b> — Found­ed in 1152. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>­Golotich­esk</b> — Found­ed in 1071. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>­Goltav</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Gol’sk</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Gomel’</b> — Found­ed by 1500. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 40] </li><li> <b>­Gomi­i</b> — Found­ed in 1142. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>­Goro­den</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Goro­den Volyn­ski­i</b> — Found­ed in 1183. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>­Gorodet­s</b> — “Vil­lage.” There are two towns with this name. The first one, lo­cat­ed near Kiev, was found­ed in 1026. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] The sec­ond one (some­times called “Gorodok na Os­tre” or “C­i­ty on the Os­ter”) was found­ed in 1135. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>­Gorodets Meshch­er­skii (Kasi­mov)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1425. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 29] </li><li> <b>­Gorodets Radilov (Gorodets Radilov na Vol­ge)</b> — “Radil’s vil­lage” or “Radil’s vil­lage on the Vol­ga.” Found­ed in 1172. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>­Gorodets Radilov na Vol­ge</b> — See Gorodets Radilov. </li><li> <b>­Gorodishche na Sare</b> — “Gorodishche on the Sara.” Found­ed in 1216. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>­Gorod­no</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Gorodok</b> — “Town.” There are two towns with this name, both of which were found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Gorodok Volyn­ski­i</b> — Found­ed in 1213. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>­Gorodok na Os­tre</b> — See Gorodet­s. </li><li> <b>­Gorokhovet­s</b> — Found­ed in 1239. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>­Gorosh­in</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Goshcha (Hoshcha)</b> — Found­ed dur­ing or by the 16th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 49] </li><li> <b>­Gos­tinichi</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Grod­na</b> — See Gorod­no. </li><li> <b>Gu­bin</b> — “Guba’s.” Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Gur’gev</b> — See Iur’ev. </li><li> <b>Ha­ji-bei</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 23] </li><li> <b>Ha­ly­ch</b> — See Galych. </li><li> <b>Hap­sal</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 20] </li><li> <b>Home­l’</b> — See Gomel’. </li><li> <b>Hoshcha</b> — See Goshcha. </li><li> <b>Hrod­na</b> — See Gorod­no. </li><li> <b>I­am</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Ia­ma</b> — “Pit.” Found­ed pri­or to 1348. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 18] </li><li> <b>Iaropolch</b> — See Iaropolch’. </li><li> <b>Iaropolch’ (Iaropolch)</b> — Found­ed in 1160. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Iaroslavl’</b> — “Iaroslav’s.” There are two towns with this name, one of which was found­ed in 1030 [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 35] and the oth­er (some­times called “Iaroslavl’ Gal­it­ski­i” or “Gali­cian Iaroslavl’”) was found­ed in 1231. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Iaroslavl’ Gal­it­ski­i</b> — See Iaroslavl’. </li><li> <b>Iary­shev</b> — Found­ed in 1148. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>I­asa</b> — Found­ed in the 14-15th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 29] </li><li> <b>I­asen­skoe</b> — “Ja­son’s.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>I­azhel­bit­sy</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ig­nach’-Krest</b> — “Ig­nach’-Cross.” Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ig­ore­vo Selo</b> — “Ig­or’s field­.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ilo­manet­s</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1348. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 18] </li><li> <b>Iluk­ste</b> — Found­ed dur­ing or pri­or to the 16-17th cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 52] </li><li> <b>Isady</b> — There are two towns with this name, both of which were found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Isker</b> — See Sibir. </li><li> <b>Iskon­a</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Isko­rosten’</b> — Found­ed be­fore 946. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>I­til’ (Sansin)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 912. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 3] </li><li> <b>I­urichev</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>I­ur’ev</b> — “I­uri­i’s.” There are two towns with this name. One town lo­cat­ed in Es­to­nia was found­ed in 1030 [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 35] and re­named Dor­pat by Teu­ton­ic Knights in 1237. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 8] The oth­er is known some­times as “Gur’gev” and was found­ed in 1095. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>I­ur’ev m-r’ ???</b> — Found­ed in the 10th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>I­ur’ev-Pobol’ski­i</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>I­ur’ev Pol’ski­i</b> — “Pol­ish Iuri­i’s.” Found­ed in 1177. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>I­van</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>I­van-­gorod</b> — “I­van City.” This was a for­ti­fied port on Gulf of Fin­land that was built in 1492. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 32] </li><li> <b>I­van-­pogost</b> — “I­van Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th-13th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 20] </li><li> <b>I­van­gorod</b> — See Ivan-­gorod. </li><li> <b>Izborsk</b> — Found­ed in 862. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Iziaslavl’ (Jaroslaw)</b> — “Iziaslav’s.” There are three towns with this name. The first was found­ed in the be­gin­ning of 11th Cen­tu­ry [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33], the sec­ond in the 12th cen­tu­ry, and the third (some­times called “Iziaslavl’ Gal­it­ski­i” or “Gali­cian Iziaslavl’”) in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Iziaslavl’ Gal­it­ski­i</b> — See Iziaslavl’. </li><li> <b>Iz­mail</b> — Es­tab­lished trade cen­ter by 1450. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 35] </li><li> <b>­Jaroslaw</b> — See Iaroslavl’. </li><li> <b>Kadam</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Kafa (Kaf­fa)</b> — Lo­cat­ed in the Crimea and found­ed in 1261. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 24] </li><li> <b>Kaf­fa</b> — See Kafa. </li><li> <b>Kalin­ingrad</b> — Found­ed in the 13-14th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 21] </li><li> <b>Kalu­ga</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1389. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 25] </li><li> <b>Kamenet­s</b> — “S­tone.” Found­ed in 1196. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Kami­anet­s-Podil’s’ky­i</b> — Es­tab­lished trade cen­ter by 1450. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 35] </li><li> <b>Kanev</b> — “Kan’s.” Found­ed in 1149. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Kanko­r</b> — Found­ed in 1560. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Ka­pan</b> — Found­ed in the 9th-10th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 19] </li><li> <b>Karachev</b> — There are two towns with this name, one of which was found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] and the oth­er is more specif­i­cal­ly dat­ed to 1146. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Karela (Ko­re­la)</b> — Found­ed in the 14th-15th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 21] </li><li> <b>Kar­gopol’</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1533. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 15] </li><li> <b>Kash­in</b> — “Por­ridge.” Found­ed in the ear­ly 13th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Kash­lyk</b> — See Sibir. </li><li> <b>Kasi­mov</b> — See Gorodets Meshch­er­ski­i. </li><li> <b>Kas­pli­a</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Kau­nas (Kovno)</b> — Lithua­ni­an city found­ed some­time be­tween 1054-1238. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 17] </li><li> <b>Kazan’</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 31] </li><li> <b>Kekholm</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 26] </li><li> <b>Kem’</b> — Found­ed in the 14th-15th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 21] </li><li> <b>K­er­ch’</b> — Lo­cat­ed in the Crimea and found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 14] </li><li> <b>K­ergedan</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1568. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 28] </li><li> <b>Ketrzyn</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1500. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Khalep</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Kher­son­es (Ch­er­soneus, Cher­son­e­sus, Ko­r­sun, or Ko­r­sun’)</b> — Black sea port where Cyril and Method­ius stopped on their way to the Khaz­ars in 860. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 12] </li><li> <b>Khli­a­pen’</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Khly­nov (Vi­atka)</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Khmil’nyk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1500. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Kho­dyn­ichi</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Kholm (Chelm)</b> — “Hill.” There are two towns with this name, one of which was found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] and the oth­er in 1223. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Khol­mogo­ry</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1533. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 15] </li><li> <b>Khorobor</b> — See Khorobor’. </li><li> <b>Khorobor’ (Khorobor)</b> — Found­ed in 1153. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Khot­shin</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ki­azh­ta</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1600. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 29] </li><li> <b>Khval­imichi</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Kidek­sha</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Kiev</b> — Found­ed around c878-82 [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 2] or ex­is­tant “from the ear­li­est times.” [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>K­ili­ia</b> — Found­ed in the 14-15th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 25] </li><li> <b>Ki­nesh­ma</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Kir­illov</b> — “Kir­il’s.” Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>K­laipeda</b> — Found­ed in 13-14th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 21] </li><li> <b>K­lech­esk</b> — Found­ed in 1127. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>K­lin</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Koenigs­berg</b> — Lo­cat­ed on the Baltic. Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 17] </li><li> <b>Ko­la</b> — Lo­cat­ed on the Ko­la Penin­su­la. Found­ed in the 14th-15th Cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 21] </li><li> <b>Kolo­di­azhen</b> — There are two towns with this name, one of which was found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] and the oth­er in the 1240. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Kolom­na</b> — Found­ed in 1177. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Kolomyi­a</b> — Found­ed in 1240. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Koltesk</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ko­mov</b> — Found­ed in 1204. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Ko­ponov</b> — Found­ed in 1187. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Ko­por’e</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1348. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 18] </li><li> <b>Kopy­s</b> — See Kopy­s’. </li><li> <b>Kopy­s’ (Kopy­s)</b> — Found­ed in 1116. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Ko­r’­dio</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ko­rch­esk (Ko­rech’sk)</b> — Found­ed in 1150. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Ko­rech’sk</b> — See Ko­rch­esk. </li><li> <b>Ko­rchev</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ko­re­la</b> — See Karela. </li><li> <b>Ko­r­sun</b> — See Ko­r­sun’. </li><li> <b>Ko­r­sun’ (Ko­r­sun)</b> — There are two towns with this name, one found­ed in 1169 (some­times called “Ko­r­sun’-­na-Rosi” or “Ko­r­sun on the Ros”) [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] and the oth­er known usu­al­ly as Kher­son­es and lo­cat­ed on the Black Sea [See Kher­son­es]. </li><li> <b>Ko­r­sun’-­na-Rosi (“Ko­r­sun on the Ros”)</b> — See Ko­r­sun’. </li><li> <b>Kosh-Kar</b> — See Kotel’nich. </li><li> <b>Kostro­ma</b> — Found­ed in 1214. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Kotel’nich (Kosh-Kar)</b> — Found­ed in 1143. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Kotel’nit­sa</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Kot­las</b> — Found­ed in the 14th-15th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 21] </li><li> <b>Kovno</b> — See Kau­nas. </li><li> <b>Kozar’</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Kozel­sk</b> — See Kozel’sk. </li><li> <b>Kozel’sk (Kozel­sk)</b> — “Don­key.” Found­ed in 1154. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Kras­n</b> — See Kras­n. </li><li> <b>Kras­nyi (Kras­n)</b> — “Red.” Found­ed in 1165. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Krazhi­ai</b> — Found­ed pri­or to or dur­ing the 16-17th cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 52] </li><li> <b>Kremenet­s</b> — Found­ed in 1226. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Kremi­anet­s</b> — Found­ed pri­or to or dur­ing the 16-17th cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 52] </li><li> <b>Krevo</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Krichev</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Krom</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Krul­l’</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Kru­pl’</b> — Found­ed in the 12th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 40] </li><li> <b>K­s­ni­at­in</b> — “K­s­ni­ata’s.” There are two towns with this name, one of which was found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] and the oth­er in 1148. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Kuchelmin</b> — Found­ed in 1159. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Kud­no­vo Selo</b> — “Kud­no’s Field­.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Kukenois</b> — Found­ed in 1205. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Ku­likovo</b> — See Ku­liko­vo Pole. </li><li> <b>Ku­liko­vo Pole (Ku­likovo)</b> — “Ku­lik’s Field­.” The site of the Rus­sian vic­to­ry over Mon­gol­s, lo­cat­ed near Riv­er Don. Found­ed be­fore 1380. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 24] </li><li> <b>Ku­nil’</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Kur­ba</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Kurmysh</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1533. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 15] </li><li> <b>Kursk</b> — Found­ed in the be­gin­ning of 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>K­widzyn (Pomeza­ni­a)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1243. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 43] </li><li> <b>Ky­sy­lyn</b> — Found­ed dur­ing or be­fore the 16th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 49] </li><li> <b>Lado­ga</b> — Found­ed in 862. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Ld­i­shev</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1557. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Le­wartow</b> — Pol­ish city found­ed dur­ing or pri­or to the 16th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 49] </li><li> <b>Li­aty­chiv</b> — Found­ed be­fore 1500. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Lidzbark (Warmi­a)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1243. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 43] </li><li> <b>Listven</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Li­ubachev</b> — Found­ed in 1211. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Li­ubech</b> — Found­ed in 882. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] By the 10th Cen­tu­ry, some­times known by its Byzan­tine name, “Teliut­sy.” [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Li­ub­no</b> — Found­ed in 1229. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Li­ubut­sk</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Livny</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1586. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Lobyn­sk</b> — see Lobyn’sk. </li><li> <b>Lobyn’sk (Lobyn­sk)</b> — Found­ed in 1146. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Lodeinit­sy</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>L­o­gozh­sk</b> — Found­ed in the end of the 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>Lomza­</b> — Found­ed pri­or to or dur­ing the 16-17th cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 52] </li><li> <b>Lopastit­sa</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1495. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#T­up“>­Tup</a> 87] </li><li> <b>L­tava</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Luben (Lub­no)</b> — Found­ed in the end of the 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>Lublin</b> — Pol­ish trad­ing cen­ter es­tab­lished by 1450. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 35] </li><li> <b>Lub­no</b> — See Luben. </li><li> <b>Luchesk</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. Church cen­ter. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Luchin</b> — Found­ed in 1173. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Lu­ki Ve­likie</b> — See Ve­likie Lu­k­i. </li><li> <b>Lukom­l’</b> — See Lukom­l’skoe Gorodishche. </li><li> <b>Lukom­l’skoe Gorodishche (Lukom­l’)</b> — “Lukom­l’ city.” Found­ed in 1178. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>­Lu­tava</b> — Found­ed in 1155. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>­Lut­sk</b> — See Lut­s’k. </li><li> <b>­Lut­s’k (Lut­sk)</b> — Found­ed in 1085. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>Ly­bu­ty</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>L’­to</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>L’­viv (L’vov)</b> — Pol­ish/Ukraini­an city in the Gali­cian Prin­ci­pal­i­ty found­ed pri­or to 1250. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 17] </li><li> <b>L’vov</b> — See L’­viv </li><li> <b>Mahil­iou</b> — Found­ed by 1500. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 40] </li><li> <b>­Mal­bork</b> — Swedish colony around Kalin­ingrad. Found­ed in 13-14th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 21] </li><li> <b>­Malot­in</b> — “Malota’s.” Found­ed in 1139. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>­Man­gup</b> — Found­ed around 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 9] </li><li> <b>­Mar­i­anichi</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Ma­tre­ga</b> — Found­ed around 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 9] </li><li> <b>­Mazhe­vo Selo</b> — “Mazhev’s Field­.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>M­ch­enesk</b> — Found­ed in 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>M­e­dyn’</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1364. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 24] </li><li> <b>Memel</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 20] </li><li> <b>Me­nesk</b> — See Men­sk. </li><li> <b>­Men­sk (Me­nesk, Men’sk, or Min­sk)</b> — Found­ed in 1067. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>­Men’sk</b> — See Men­sk. </li><li> <b>Mezch­esk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Mezhi­bozh’e</b> — Found­ed in 1146. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Mezhi­most’e</b> — Found­ed in 1170. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Mich­sk</b> — see Mich’sk. </li><li> <b>Mich’sk (Mich­sk)</b> — Found­ed in 1150. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Mikhailov</b> — “Mikhail’s.” Found­ed in 1172. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Mikulin</b> — “Miku­la’s.” Found­ed in the end of the 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Mil­covi­a</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1255. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 43] </li><li> <b>Milesk</b> — Found­ed in 1150. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Miliniska</b> — See Smolen­sk. </li><li> <b>Min­sk</b> — See Men­sk. </li><li> <b>­Mogilev</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Mok­lekov Gal­it­ski­i</b> — “Gali­cian Mok­lekov.” Found­ed in 1211. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>­Molo­ga</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>­Mon­cas­tro</b> — Found­ed around 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 9] </li><li> <b>­Morav­it­sa (Mu­rav­it­sa)</b> — Found­ed in 1149. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>­More­va</b> — Found­ed in 1230. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>­Morova</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Morovi­isk</b> — Found­ed in 1139. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>­Mos­al’sk</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Moscow</b> — See Mosk­va. </li><li> <b>­Mosk­va (Moscow)</b> — Rus­sian cap­i­tal in late pe­ri­od. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] Leg­end (and the Ipatiev manuscrip­t) says that the city was found­ed in 1147 when Prince Svi­atoslav Nov­gorod-­Sev­er­skii met Prince Iurii Dol­go­rukii at the spot on the riv­er that the city lies on.</li><li> <b>­Mozha­iask</b> — See Mozhaisk. </li><li> <b>­Mozhaisk (Mozha­iask)</b> — Found­ed in 1293. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 43] </li><li> <b>­Mozyr’</b> — Found­ed in 1155. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>M­stislavl’</b> — “M­stislav’s.” Found­ed in 1156. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Mt­sen­sk</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Munarev</b> — Found­ed in 1150. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>­Mu­rav’in</b> — “Mu­rav’a’s.” Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Mu­rav­it­sa</b> — See Morav­it­sa. </li><li> <b>­Murom</b> — Found­ed in 862. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>­Murovin­sk</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­M­u­tizhir</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Myl’sk</b> — Found­ed in 1150. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>­Nal­i­uch</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Nar­va</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>­Narym</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1596. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>­Navahru­dak</b> — See Nov­gorodok Litovski­i. </li><li> <b>Nebl’</b> — The “re­gion of Nebl’” is men­tioned as ear­ly as 1158, but the city is not un­til 1262. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Nebolchi</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1348. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 18] </li><li> <b>Neiat­in</b> — See Nezhatin. </li><li> <b>Nekoloch’</b> — Found­ed in 1127. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Nemog­a­r­das</b> — See Nov­gorod. </li><li> <b>Nerekhta</b> — Found­ed in 1214. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Ner­in­sk</b> — See Ner­in’sk. </li><li> <b>Ner­in’sk (Ner­in­sk)</b> — Found­ed in 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>­Nesvizh</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Novoe Sarai (Sarai-Berka)</b> — Found­ed around 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 9] </li><li> <b>Nezhatin (Neiat­in)</b> — Found­ed in 1071. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Nezhe­gorod</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1635. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#T­up“>­Tup</a> 65] </li><li> <b>­Ni­asvizh</b> — Found­ed pri­or to or dur­ing the 16-17th cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 52] </li><li> <b>Niko­la-Zarazski­i</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Nikulit­syn</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>N­imiko­ri</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Nizh­nii Nov­gorod (Nov­gorod Nizh­ni­i)</b> — “Low­er Nov­gorod.” Found­ed in 1221. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Nosov</b> — Found­ed in 1148. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Nov­gorod (Nov­gorod Ve­liki­i)</b> — “(­Great) New City.” Found­ed in 862 or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] Church cen­ter and cap­i­tal of the Rus­sian peo­ples. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] Known at times by its Byzan­tine name, “Nemog­a­r­das.” [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Nov­gorod Nizh­ni­i</b> — See Nizh­nii Nov­gorod. </li><li> <b>Nov­gorod Sev­er­ski­i</b> — “North­ern Nov­gorod.” Found­ed in 1141. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Nov­gorod Svi­atopolch</b> — Found­ed in 1095. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Nov­gorod Ve­liki­i</b> — See Nov­gorod. </li><li> <b>Nov­gorodok Litovski­i</b> — “Lithua­ni­an Lit­tle Nov­gorod.” Found­ed in 1212. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] Al­so known as Navahru­dak [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 21] or Novo­gru­dok. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Novo­gru­dok</b> — See Nov­gorodok Litovski­i. </li><li> <b>Novosil</b> — See Novosil’. </li><li> <b>Novosil’ (Novosil)</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Novyi Torg</b> — See Torzhok. </li><li> <b>Nizhyn</b> — Found­ed by 1500. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Ob­dorsk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1595. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Obolv’</b> — Found­ed in 1159. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Obolen­sk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1389. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 25] </li><li> <b>O­brov</b> — Found­ed around the end of the 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Ob­skii Gorodok (Ob­ski­ig­orodok)</b> — The first Rus­sian set­tle­ment in Siberi­a. Found­ed in 1585. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Ob­ski­ig­orodok</b> — See Ob­skii Gorodok. </li><li> <b>Ochakov</b> — Lo­cat­ed on the Black Sea. Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 39] </li><li> <b>O­doev</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1389. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 25] </li><li> <b>O­drsk</b> — Found­ed in the end of the 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Ol­bi­a</b> — Found­ed be­tween 800-1000. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 11] </li><li> <b>Olesh’e</b> — Found­ed in 1084. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Olonet­s</b> — Found­ed in 1228. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Ol’­gov­</b> — “Oleg’s.” Found­ed in 1207. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Ol’­gov Novyi Gorodok</b> — “Oleg’s New Town.” Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ol’zhit­si</b> — Found­ed in the 10th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Onut</b> — Found­ed in 1213. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Opochka</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1348. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 18] </li><li> <b>O­prosh</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Orlov</b> — “Ea­gles’.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Orekhov (Ore­shek)</b> — “Nut.” Found­ed pri­or to 1348. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 18] </li><li> <b>Orel</b> — “Ea­gle.” Found­ed pri­or to 1566. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Orel’sk</b> — “Ea­gle.” Found­ed pri­or to 1204. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Ore­shek</b> — See Orekhov. </li><li> <b>Or­goshch</b> — Found­ed in 1159. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Ormi­na</b> — Found­ed in 1142. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Or­nas</b> — Found­ed be­tween the 12th-15th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 18] </li><li> <b>Or­sha (R­sha)</b> — Found­ed in 1067. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Orzhit­sa</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Oskol</b> — Found­ed in 1593. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Oster­skii Gorodet­s</b> — “Inn City.” Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ostrog</b> — Found­ed in 1100. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Ovruch</b> — Found­ed pri­or to or dur­ing the 16-17th cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 52] </li><li> <b>Ozh­sk</b> — Found­ed in 1207. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>­Pa­le­ostro­vsk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1192. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 19] </li><li> <b>­Panivt­si</b> — Found­ed dur­ing or pri­or to the 16th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 49] </li><li> <b>­Paoze­ro</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1498. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#T­up“>­Tup</a> 106] </li><li> <b>­Patsin</b> — See Potsin. </li><li> <b>­Pat­syn’</b> — See Potsin. </li><li> <b>Pe­lym</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1592. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Pereiaslavets (Preslavet­s)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 972. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 5] </li><li> Pereiaslavl’ (Pereiaslavl’ Russki­i). “Pereiaslav’s.” Dat­ed to 907. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] Al­so the name for the pric­i­pal­i­ty around it. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Pereiaslavl’-Ri­azan­ski­i</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1425. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 29] </li><li> <b>Pereiaslavl’ Russki­i</b> — See Pereiaslavl’. </li><li> <b>Pereiaslavl’ Za­lesski­i</b> — “Fal­low Pereiaslavl’.” Found­ed in 1152. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Perekop</b> — Lo­cat­ed in the Crimea. Found­ed pri­or to 1533. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 15] </li><li> <b>Peremid’</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Peremil’</b> — Found­ed in 1097. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Pere­mysh­l’</b> — “Rethought.” Found­ed in 981. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Peresechen</b> — Found­ed in 922. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Peresol­nit­sa</b> — “Re-salt­ed.” Found­ed in 1149. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Pere­vit­sk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Perevolochna</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Perevoloka</b> — Found­ed in 1092. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Per­m</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1606. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#T­up“>­Tup</a> 81] </li><li> <b>Pe­sochen</b> — Found­ed in 1092. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Pi­ar­nu</b> — Lo­cat­ed in mod­ern-­day Es­to­ni­a. Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Pi­a­tra Neamt</b> — Found­ed be­fore 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Pine­ga</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1568. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 28] </li><li> <b>Pin­sk</b> — Found­ed in 1097. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] Al­so the name of the prin­ci­pal­i­ty which in­clud­ed the city in the 13th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 17] </li><li> <b>Piri­at­in</b> — Found­ed in 1154. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Piten</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 20] </li><li> <b>­Plav</b> — Found­ed in 1213. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>­Ple­sen­sk</b> — See Pres­nen­sk. </li><li> <b>­Plesnesk</b> — See Pres­nen­sk. </li><li> <b>­Ple­so</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Podol</b> — A sub­urb of Kiev that was found­ed at the end of the 10th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 45] </li><li> <b>­Pogonovichi</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Iusko­la</b> — “Iusko­la Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Ivan’</b> — “I­van Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Kukue­va gora</b> — “Kukuev Hill Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Lip­na</b> — “Lip­na Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Mas­ne­ga</b> — “Mas­ne­ga Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost-­na-­More</b> — “Parish on the Sea.” Found­ed pri­or to 1348. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 18] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Olon’s’</b> — “Olon’s Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Pine­ga</b> — “Pine­ga Parish.” Found­ed pri­or to the 12th-13th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 20] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Pin­er­a</b> — “Pin­era Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Po­ma</b> — “Po­ma Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Puita</b> — “Pui­ta Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Rakul’</b> — “Rakul’ Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Sabel’</b> — “S­abel’ Parish.” Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Svir’</b> — “Svir’ Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Ter­vinichi</b> — “Ter­vinichi Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Toima</b> — “Toima Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Tu­dovor</b> — “Tu­dovor Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Ust’-Emet­s</b> — “Ust’-Emets Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Ust’-­Va­ga</b> — “Ust’-­Va­ga Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Vel’</b> — “Vel’ Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Pogost Volok na Mshi</b> — “Wolve’s Parish on the Mesh’.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Po­latsk</b> — See Polot­sk. </li><li> <b>Polkosten (Polk­sten’)</b> — Found­ed in 1125. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Polk­sten’</b> — See Polkosten. </li><li> <b>Polon­ny­i</b> — See Polonoi. </li><li> <b>Polonoi (Polon­ny­i)</b> — Found­ed in 1169. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Polot­sk (Po­latsk)</b> — Found­ed in 862. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] The name is some­times used to re­fer to the en­tire prin­ci­pal­i­ty around the area. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Poltesk</b> — Found­ed in 1146. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Pomeza­ni­a</b> — See Kwidzyn. </li><li> <b>Po­mozdin Pogost</b> — “Parish of Po­moz­da.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Popash’</b> — Found­ed in 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>­Por­ago­pustet­s</b> — Found­ed pri­or to the 12th-13th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 20] </li><li> <b>­Porkhov</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1348. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 18] </li><li> <b>­Pos. Py­ban’sk</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Posechen</b> — Pe­sochen. </li><li> <b>­Posoti­na</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Potsin (Patsin or Pat­syn’)</b> — Found­ed in the 12th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Poz­nan</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1150. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mor“>­Mor</a> 17] </li><li> <b>Preslav</b> — For­mer Bul­gar­i­an cap­i­tal, cap­tured by Svi­atoslav in 971. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 4] </li><li> <b>Preslavet­s</b> — See Pereiaslavet­s. </li><li> <b>Pres­nen­sk (Ple­sen­sk or Plesnesk)</b> — Found­ed in 1188. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Priluk</b> — Found­ed in 1092. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Pron­sk</b> — Found­ed in 1186. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Pro­posh­esk</b> — See Prupoi. </li><li> <b>Pro­zorovo</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Prupoi (Pro­posh­esk)</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Prze­mys­l</b> — City in the Gali­ci­a-­Val­hy­nia Prin­ci­pal­i­ty found­ed pri­or to 1050. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 14] </li><li> <b>P­skov</b> — Found­ed in 903. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] Al­so the name lat­er of the prin­ci­pal­i­ty which in­clud­ed the city. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 17] </li><li> <b>Pu­dozh­skoi</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1348. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 18] </li><li> <b>Pul­tusk</b> — Found­ed pri­or or dur­ing the 16-17th cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 52] </li><li> <b>­Pus­toz­er­skii Os­trog</b> — “Pus­toz­er Stock­ade.” Es­tab­lished pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Putivl’</b> — Found­ed in 1146. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Radau­ti</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1450. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 43] </li><li> <b>Rado­goshch</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Radonezh</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Ra­doshch</b> — Found­ed in 1155. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Raguilov</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 15th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Art“>Art</a> V 127; #297] </li><li> <b>Rako­ma</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Raz­do­ry</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Re­chit­sa</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Rei (Ri­a)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1240. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Reszel</b> — Found­ed pri­or to or dur­ing the 16-17th cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 52] </li><li> <b>Reval</b> — Found­ed around 1054-1238. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 17] </li><li> <b>Ri­a</b> — See Rei. </li><li> <b>Ri­apolovo</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1364. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 24] </li><li> <b>Ri­azan’</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1054. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 7] </li><li> <b>Ri­azh­sk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Ri­ga</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1237. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 9] </li><li> <b>­Ri­mov</b> — Found­ed at the end of the 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Ro­den</b> — Found­ed by 9th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 11] </li><li> <b>Rod­ni­a</b> — Found­ed in 980. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Ro­gachev</b> — Found­ed in 1142. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>R­o­gis­di­no</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ro­gov­</b> — Found­ed in 1194. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Ro­man</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1450. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 43] </li><li> <b>Ro­manov</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Romen</b> — Found­ed at the end of the 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Ropesk</b> — Found­ed in 1159. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Roslavl</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Rostislavl’</b> — “Rostislav’s.” Found­ed in the 12th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Ros­tov</b> — Found­ed in 862. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Ros­tovet­s</b> — Found­ed in 1071. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Ro­sukha</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Rozan</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 40] </li><li> <b>R­sha</b> — See Or­sha. </li><li> <b>Rusa</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Rus­tovet­s</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ruza­</b> — Ear­ly part of Moscovy. Found­ed pri­or to 1303. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 21] </li><li> <b>Ryl’sk</b> — Found­ed in 1152. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Rzev</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Rzhev (Rzhevka)</b> — Lo­cat­ed on the Vol­ga. Found­ed in 1216. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Rzhevka</b> — See Rzhev. </li><li> <b>S. Meltenovo</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Sakov</b> — Found­ed in 1095. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Sama­ra</b> — Fortress town. Found­ed in 1586. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Sam­bir</b> — Found­ed be­fore 1500. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 40] </li><li> <b>San­domierz</b> — Found­ed in the 13-14th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 21] </li><li> <b>Sanok</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Sansin</b> — See Itil’. </li><li> <b>S­a­pog­y­n’</b> — Found­ed in 1151. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Sarai</b> — Found­ed by the Mon­gols in low­er Vol­ga. A sec­ond city by the same name found­ed near­by. c1242. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 12] </li><li> <b>Sarai-Berka</b> — See Novoe Sarai. </li><li> <b>Sara­tov</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1590. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Sarkel</b> — See Be­la­ia Vezha. </li><li> <b>Sarska­ia</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Sar­takha</b> — Found­ed be­tween the 12th-15th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 18] </li><li> <b>Se­bezh</b> — Cap­tured in 1535. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Sech (Sich)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1552. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 11] </li><li> <b>­Sei­iazh­sk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1551. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Selpil­s</b> — Found­ed by 1218. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 43] </li><li> <b>Se­mender</b> — Found­ed around 800-1000. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 11] </li><li> <b>Se­men­ov</b> — “Se­men’s.” Found­ed pri­or to 1495. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#T­up“>­Tup</a> 77] </li><li> <b>Se­mot­s</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Se­myn’ (Se­my­ch)</b> — Found­ed in 1152. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Se­my­ch</b> — See Se­myn’. </li><li> <b>Sepukhov</b> — Ear­ly part of Moscovy. Found­ed pri­or to 1303. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 21] </li><li> <b>Sere­bri­any­i</b> — “Sil­ver.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Sereger</b> — Found­ed in 1230. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Seren­sk</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ser­peisk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>­Sevsk</b> — Found­ed in 1146. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Sharukan’</b> — Found­ed in the 12th-13th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 20] </li><li> <b>Shatsk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1552. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Shchekarev</b> — Found­ed in 1219. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Shek­i</b> — Found­ed in the 9th-10th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 19] </li><li> <b>She­makha</b> — Lo­cat­ed on the Caspi­an Sea. Found­ed pri­or to 1240. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Shenkursk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1568. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 28] </li><li> <b>She­p­ol’</b> — Found­ed in 1097. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Sh­es­takov</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Shi­au­li­ai (Si­au­li­ai)</b> — Lithua­ni­an city found­ed pri­or to 1236. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Shilu­va</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1592. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 49] </li><li> <b>Shuia</b> — See Borisogleb­ska­ia Slo­bo­da. </li><li> <b>Shuiska­ia</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Shum­sk</b> — Found­ed in 1149. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Si­au­li­ai</b> — See Shi­au­li­ai. </li><li> <b>Si­bir (Isker or Kash­lyk)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1581. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Sich</b> — See Sech. </li><li> <b>Silis­tri­a</b> — See Doros­tol. </li><li> <b>Sinel’sk</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Sini­ia Most</b> — “Blue bridge.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Siret</b> — Found­ed by 1370. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 43] </li><li> <b>S­lo­bod­skoi</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>S­lonim</b> — Found­ed in 1255. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 43] </li><li> <b>S­luchesk (S­lut­sk)</b> — Found­ed in 1116. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>S­lut­sk</b> — See Sluchesk. </li><li> <b>S­molen­sk</b> — Found­ed in the 9th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] Al­so the name of the prin­ci­pal­i­ty which in­clud­ed the city in lat­er cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 14] It was called “Miliniska” by the Byzan­tines in the 10th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 14] </li><li> <b>S­motrych</b> — Found­ed dur­ing or pri­or to the 16-17th cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 52] </li><li> <b>S­novsk</b> — Found­ed in 1068. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>­Sol­da­ia</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 9] </li><li> <b>­Solkhat</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 9] </li><li> <b>­Solodov­intsy</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Solog­y­n’</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Solovet­ski­i</b> — A monastery found­ed pri­or to 1533. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 15] </li><li> <b>­Sol’ Kam­ska­ia</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>­Sol’ Ve­lika­ia</b> — Found­ed in 1214. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>­Sol’ Vy­chegod­ska­ia</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>­Sorski­i</b> — Lo­cat­ed near Be­loze­ro. Found­ed pri­or to 1533. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 15] </li><li> <b>­Sos­nit­sa</b> — Found­ed in 1234. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>S­pash</b> — Found­ed in 1152. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>S­pa­so-Ka­men­ny­i</b> — Monastery found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>S­tara­ia Rusa</b> — “Old Rus.” Found­ed pri­or to 1167. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>S­tara­ia Lado­ga</b> — “Old Lado­ga.” Found­ed in the 9th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 5] </li><li> <b>S­tar­it­sa</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>S­tar­o­dub</b> — “Old Oak.” There are two towns with this name, one lo­cat­ed on the Kli­az­ma Riv­er and found­ed pri­or to 1237. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 9] The oth­er is lo­cat­ed to the west of the Desna Riv­er and was found­ed pri­or to 1364. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 24] </li><li> <b>S­tar­o­dub Ri­apolovski­i</b> — Found­ed in 1218. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>S­tar­o­dub Sev­er­ski­i</b> — Found­ed in 1096. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>S­tolp’e</b> — Found­ed in 1204. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Strezhev</b> — Found­ed in 1127. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>­Sub­ak (Surozh)</b> — Found­ed in the 9th-10th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 19] </li><li> <b>­Suceava</b> — Found­ed in the 14-15th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 29] </li><li> <b>­Sugrov</b> — Found­ed in the 12th-13th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 20] </li><li> <b>­Sum­skii Os­trog</b> — “Sum(a) Stock­ade.” Es­tab­lished pri­or to 1533. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 15] </li><li> <b>­Surgut</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1594. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>­Surozh</b> — See Sub­ak. </li><li> <b>­Suteisk</b> — Found­ed in 1097. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>­Suz­dal’</b> — Found­ed in 1024 or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Svi­atoslavl’</b> — “Svi­atoslav’s.” Found­ed at the end of the 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Svi­iazh­sk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Svi­nort</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Sv­inukhi</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Svir­il’sk</b> — Found­ed in 1177. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Syzran’</b> — Found­ed in the 12th-13th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 20] </li><li> <b>Tabriz</b> — See Tebriz. </li><li> <b>­Tal­in­n</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1240. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 13] </li><li> <b>­Tana</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1261. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 24] </li><li> <b>­Tanais</b> — Found­ed around 800-1000. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 11] </li><li> <b>­Tan­nen­berg</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 17] </li><li> <b>­Tara</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1594. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>­Tar­tu</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 17] </li><li> <b>­Tarusa</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1425. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 29] </li><li> <b>­Tatinet­s</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Te­briz (Tabriz)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1240. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Teliut­sy</b> — See Li­ubech. </li><li> <b>Tem­nikov</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Tere­bovli­a</b> — See Tere­bovl’. </li><li> <b>Tere­bovl’ (Tere­bovli­a)</b> — Found­ed in 1097. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Ter­skii Gorodok</b> — “Ter­sk City.” Lo­cat­ed on an is­land in the Caspi­an Sea. Found­ed pri­or to 1567. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Teshilov</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Tesov</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Tetiushi</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1574. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Tighi­na</b> — See Ben­dery. </li><li> <b>Tikhome­l’ (Tikhom­l’)</b> — Found­ed in 1152. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Tikhom­l’</b> — See Tikhome­l’. </li><li> <b>Tismi­an­it­sa</b> — Found­ed in 1144. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Tiu­men’</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1586. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Tle­bov</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>T­mu­tarakan’</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 880. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 12] </li><li> <b>­To­bol’sk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1587. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>­Tol­mach’</b> — Found­ed in 1213. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>­Tomakivka</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1564. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 11] </li><li> <b>­Torch­esk</b> — There are two towns with this name, one found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>], and the oth­er in 1093. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>­Torchev</b> — Found­ed in 1231. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>­Toropet­s</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1054. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 7] </li><li> <b>­Torun</b> — Found­ed in 13-14th cen­tu­ry or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 21] </li><li> <b>­Torzhok (Novyi Torg)</b> — City lo­cat­ed on the route of the Mon­gol cam­paign. Found­ed in 1139. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] “Novyi Torg” means “New Mar­ket.” </li><li> <b>­Tot­ma</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1568. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 28] </li><li> <b>­To­varov</b> — Found­ed in 1190. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>­Trakai</b> — A Lithua­ni­an cas­tle that ex­ist­ed by 1250. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 17] </li><li> <b>Tre­pol’ (Tripol’)</b> — Found­ed in 1093. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Tripol’</b> — See Tre­pol’. </li><li> <b>Trubchevsk</b> — See Tru­bet­sk. </li><li> <b>Trubech</b> — See Tru­bet­sk. </li><li> <b>Tru­bet­sk (Trubech or Trubchevsk)</b> — Found­ed in 1185. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>Tru­so</b> — Found­ed by the 9th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 11] </li><li> <b>T­sar­it­syn</b> — Fortress town. Found­ed in 1589. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 38] </li><li> <b>T­sar’­gorod</b> — See Gert­sik. </li><li> <b>­Tu­la</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 17] </li><li> <b>­Tu­mashch’</b> — Found­ed in 1150. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 38] </li><li> <b>­Tu­rau</b> — City lo­cat­ed in the Pin­sk Prin­ci­pal­i­ty and found­ed pri­or to 1250. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 17] </li><li> <b>­Turi­isk</b> — Found­ed in 1097. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>­Tur­ov</b> — Found­ed in 980. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Tver’</b> — Found­ed in 1209. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>­Tys­mainit­sa</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>]Udech. 1164. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>­U­fa</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1586. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>U­gleche Pole (Uglich)</b> — “U­gleche Field­.” Found­ed in 1149. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Uglich</b> — See Ugleche Pole. </li><li> <b>U­grovesk</b> — Found­ed in 1204. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Ukani</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ukek</b> — Found­ed dur­ing the 12th-15th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 18] </li><li> <b>Ukhtoma</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Unenezh</b> — Found­ed in 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Un­zha</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ush­esk</b> — Found­ed in 1150. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Ushit­sa</b> — Found­ed in 1144. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Ust-Nem</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1450. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Gil“>Gil</a> 19] </li><li> <b>Ustilog</b> — Found­ed in 1150. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 39] </li><li> <b>Ustiug</b> — Found­ed in 1218. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 42] </li><li> <b>Ustiug Ve­liki­i</b> — See Ve­likii Ustiug. </li><li> <b>Ustiuzh­na</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Ust’-Emt­sa</b> — Found­ed dur­ing the 12th-13th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 20] </li><li> <b>Ust’-­Pashi</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Ust’-T­sil’­ma</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Ust’-­Va­ga</b> — Found­ed dur­ing the 12th-13th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 20] </li><li> <b>Ust’-Vym’</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1533. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 15] </li><li> <b>Ust’e</b> — “Es­tu­ary.” Found­ed in 1096. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Usvi­at</b> — See Vosvi­ach’. </li><li> <b>U­vetichi</b> — Found­ed in 1100. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 34] </li><li> <b>Uz­men</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1242. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 12] </li><li> <b>­Valaam (Valaam­ski­i)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1533. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 15] </li><li> <b>­Valaam­ski­i</b> — See Valaam. </li><li> <b>­Valuik­i</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1593. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>­Var­guza­</b> — Found­ed dur­ing the 14th-15th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 21] </li><li> <b>­Var­in</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>­Var­ni­ai</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1417. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 43] </li><li> <b>­Vasilev</b> — See Vasil’ev. </li><li> <b>­Vasilev Gal­it­ski­i</b> — See Vasil’ev. </li><li> <b>­Vasilev Smolen­ski­i</b> — See Vasil’ev. </li><li> <b>­Vasil’ev (Vasilev)</b> — “Vasili­i’s.” There are three towns with this name. The first was found­ed in 988. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] The sec­ond (some­times called “Vasilev Smolen­ski­i” or Smolen­sk Vasilev”) was found­ed in 1165. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] The third (some­times called “Vasilev Gal­it­ski­i” or “Gali­cian Vasilev”) was found­ed in 1208. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>­Vasil’­sursk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Vek­shchen’­ga</b> — Found­ed dur­ing the 12th-13th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 20] </li><li> <b>Ve­likie-Lu­ki (Lu­ki Ve­likie)</b> — “Great onion­s.” Found­ed in 1166. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Ve­likii Ustiug (Ustiug Ve­liki­i)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1237. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 9] </li><li> <b>Ven­it­sa</b> — “Venice.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Vereia</b> — An­nexed by Ivan II in 1341. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 24] </li><li> <b>Vereshch­in</b> — Found­ed in 1204. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Verkh</b> — see Bezhichi. </li><li> <b>Verkhne-Chusovski­i</b> — See Verkhnii Chusovski­i. </li><li> <b>Verkhnii Chusovskii (Verkhne-Chusovski­i)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1568. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Verkho­ture</b> — See Verkho­tur’. </li><li> <b>Verkho­tur’ (Verkho­ture)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Verkhovsk</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Vernev</b> — Found­ed in 1151. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Verzhavsk</b> — Found­ed in the 12th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Vet­ska­ia</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Vi­ash­ni­a</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Vi­atka</b> — See Khly­nov. </li><li> <b>Vi­az­ma</b> — See Vi­az’­ma. </li><li> <b>Vi­az’­ma (Vi­az­ma)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1240. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Vi­ipuri</b> — See Vy­borg. </li><li> <b>Vil­na</b> — See Vil­nius. </li><li> <b>Vil­nius (Vil­na)</b> — Lithua­ni­an city found­ed in 13-14th cen­turies or be­fore. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 21] </li><li> <b>Vil’iandi</b> — Lo­cat­ed in mod­ern-­day Es­to­ni­a. Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Vin­nyt­si­a</b> — Found­ed dur­ing or pri­or to the 16-17th cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 52] </li><li> <b>Viteb­sk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 972. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 5] </li><li> <b>Vitem­b­sk</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1021. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 19] </li><li> <b>Vit­seb­sk</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Vitichev</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Vit­rik</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Viz­na</b> — Found­ed in 1145. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Vladimir</b> — There are two towns with the same name, both of which were found­ed in the 10th cen­tu­ry. Both towns were al­so church cen­ter­s. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] One of the two cities was re­port­ed cap­tured around 981. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 6] Same as Volodymir? </li><li> <b>Vladimir-­na-K­li­az’­ma</b> — “Vladimir on the Kli­az’­ma.” Found­ed in the 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 35] </li><li> <b>Vlo­dava</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Vobonit­sa</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Voiad­outov Pogost</b> — “Voiad­out’s Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Voin’</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Voldu­tov­pogost</b> — Voldu­tov’s Parish.” Found­ed in the 12th-13th Cen­turies. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#AIG“>AIG</a> 20] </li><li> <b>Voldyzh</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Volkovyisk</b> — Found­ed in 1252. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 43] </li><li> <b>Volo­darev</b> — Found­ed in 1150. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Volodymyr</b> — City in the Gali­ci­a-­Val­hy­nia Prin­ci­pal­i­ty that was found­ed pri­or to 1050. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 14] Same as Vladimir? </li><li> <b>Volog­da</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1237. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 9] </li><li> <b>Volok Lam­skii (Volok, Volok­lam­ski­i, or Voloko­lam­sk)</b> — “Wolves’ portage.” Found­ed in 1135 as “Volok” and re­named “Volok Lam­ski­i” in 1178. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Volok Slovin­ski­i</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Volok­lam­ski­i</b> — See Volok Lam­ski­i. </li><li> <b>Voloko­lam­sk</b> — See Volok Lam­ski­i. </li><li> <b>Volyn’</b> — Found­ed by the 9th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mag“>­Mag</a> 11] </li><li> <b>Voni</b> — Found­ed in 1055. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>Voro­bi­in (Vorob’in)</b> — “Swal­low’s.” Found­ed in 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Vorob’in</b> — See Voro­bi­in. </li><li> <b>Voron­azh’</b> — See Voronezh. </li><li> <b>Voronezh (Voron­azh’)</b> — Fortress town. Found­ed in 1177. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Vorotyn­sk</b> — Found­ed in 1155. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Vosporo</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1400. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#­Mai“>­Mai</a> 9] </li><li> <b>Vosvi­ach’ (Usvi­at)</b> — Found­ed in the 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 35] </li><li> <b>Vovo­gru­dok</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 17] </li><li> <b>Vrochnit­sy</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Vruchi</b> — See Vruchi­i. </li><li> <b>Vruchii (Vruchi)</b> — Found­ed in 977. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] </li><li> <b>V­sevolozh</b> — “V­sevolod’s.” Found­ed in 1097. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>V­sevolozh Chernigov­ski­i</b> — “Ch­ernigov­’s Vsevolod.” Found­ed in 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Vshchizh</b> — Found­ed in 1142. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Vy­borg (Vi­ipuri)</b> — Swedish strong­hold lo­cat­ed on the mod­ern Finnish-Rus­sian bor­der. Found­ed in the 13th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Che“>Che</a> 18] </li><li> <b>Vy­go­shev</b> — Found­ed in 1152. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Vyr’</b> — Found­ed at the end of the 11th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>Vyshe­grad</b> — See Vysh­gorod. </li><li> <b>Vysh­gorod</b> — “High city.” Found­ed in 946. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 13] Called “Vyshe­grad” by the Byzan­tines. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 14] </li><li> <b>Vysh­nii Volochek</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 13] </li><li> <b>Vzd­vizhen’ (Zd­vizh­den’)</b> — Found­ed in 1097. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>V’i­akhan’ (B’i­akhan’)</b> — Found­ed in 1147. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 36] </li><li> <b>Warmi­a</b> — See Lidzbark. </li><li> <b>Za­pol’skii Iam</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1598. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 16] </li><li> <b>Za­porozh’e</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1609. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#T­up“>­Tup</a> 47] </li><li> <b>Zarech­esk</b> — Found­ed in 1106. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Zaroi</b> — Found­ed in 1154. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Zarty­i</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Zarub</b> — There are three towns with this name, all of which were found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] One of them can be more specif­i­cal­ly dat­ed to 1096. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>Zary­ty­i</b> — Found­ed in 1160. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Zbarazh (Zbyrazh)</b> — Found­ed in 1211. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Zbyrazh</b> — See Zbarazh. </li><li> <b>Zd­vizh­den’</b> — See Vzd­vizhen’. </li><li> <b>Zen­nia Ve­lika­ia</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Zhabachev</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Zhe­lan’ (Zhe­lian’)</b> — Found­ed in 1093. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] </li><li> <b>Zhel­di (Zhel­dia, Zhel­ni, or Zhel­ni­i)</b> — Found­ed in 1116. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Zhel­dia</b> — See Zhel­di. </li><li> <b>Zhe­lian’</b> — See Zhe­lan’. </li><li> <b>Zhel­ni</b> — See Zhel­di. </li><li> <b>Zhel­ni­i</b> — See Zhel­di. </li><li> <b>Zhid­chichi</b> — Found­ed in the 12th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Zhidich­in</b> — Found­ed in the 13th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li><li> <b>Zhit­o­mir</b> — See Zhy­to­myr. </li><li> <b>Zhizhet­s</b> — Found­ed in the 12th Cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 40] </li><li> <b>Zh­mu­da</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1554. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#T­up“>­Tup</a> 76] Al­so the name of a ad­min­is­tra­tive re­gion. </li><li> <b>Zhy­to­myr (Zhit­o­mir)</b> — Found­ed pri­or to 1462. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Baz“>Baz</a> 14] </li><li> <b>­Zopish</b> — Found­ed in 1211. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Zubtsov</b> — Found­ed in 1216. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 41] </li><li> <b>Zvenig­orod</b> — There are two towns with this name, one of which was found­ed in 1086 or 1087 and is some­times called “Zvenig­orod Cher­ven­ski­i” (“Cher­ven Zvenig­orod”) [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 33] The oth­er (some­times called “Zvenig­orod Kievski­i” or “Kievan Zvenig­orod”) was found­ed in 1150. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Tik“>Tik</a> 37] </li><li> <b>Zvenig­orod Cher­ven­ski­i</b> — See Zvenig­orod. </li><li> <b>Zvenig­orod Kievski­i</b> — See Zvenig­orod. </li><li> <b>Zvizh­den</b> — Found­ed in the 11th cen­tu­ry. [<a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/zpref­ace.htm­l#Ist“>Ist</a>] </li></ul> <h3><a hre­f=”http://www.s­ca.org/her­aldry/­paul/in­dex.html“>­go to the Ta­ble of Con­tents</a></h3> <hr><ad­dress>­Copy­right (c) 1996 <a hre­f=”http://vm­s.www.uw­plat­t.e­du/%7E­gold­schmidt/“>­Paul Gold­schmidt</a>. Used by per­mis­sion. <br><b>Note: the au­thor is NOT a ge­neal­o­gist and does not wel­come ge­nealog­i­cal in­quiries.</b> </ad­dress></­body></htm­l>